This document was submitted as a dissertation in March 2004 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in policy analysis at the
Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and
approved the dissertation consisted of Charles Wolf, Jr. (Chair), C.R. Neu, and
Hongbin Cai.

SUMMARY
Venture capital (VC) has been growing rapidly in developing countries since
1990, but little research has been done on VC in developing countries so far. This
research contributes to the knowledge of VC in developing countries by studying VC
investments in China. China is an attractive starting point to study VC in developing
countries because China is the superstar of developing countries in attracting VC
investments. Detailed research on VC in China will be of great interests to various VC
practitioners and policy makers in developing countries.
This thesis provides a detailed description of the history of venture capital in
China by using a unique data set of VC-backed firms collected by the author. It finds that
venture capital experienced dramatic change in China in the 1990s. Major findings of this
thesis are summarized as follows:
The Organization of International Venture Capital Funds in China
Most of the venture capital investments in China have been conducted by
international venture capital funds. The dominance of international venture capital funds
is mainly due to China’s strict regulations against fund-raising in China. Most of the
international venture capital funds were incorporated as joint venture funds with stateowned
enterprises (SOEs) to economize on transactional costs in China in the early 1990s.
By the end of the 1990s, as China’s market-oriented reform deepened and the rule of law
improved, international venture capital funds were much less likely to have SOE partners
Choices Between SOEs and Private Firms
One of the most dramatic changes in VC investments in China is the shift from
investing in SOEs to investing in private firms. In the early 1990s, 90% of VC-backed
firms were SOEs. In contrast, fewer than 10% of the VC-backed firms were SOEs in the
late 1990s.
International venture capitalists were willing to compromise governance structure
by investing in SOEs in the early 1990s because of several reasons related to China’s
institutional environment. In the early 1990s, SOEs enjoyed the most favorable access to
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resources in China, including capital, human resource, raw materials and access to IPOs.
In contrast, private firms had insecure property rights and were heavily discriminated
against by the Chinese government in the early 1990s.
International venture capitalists became increasingly interested in private firms as
China’s market-oriented reforms provided greater room for private enterprises to grow.
The rise of NASDAQ in the late 1990s provided an ideal place for China’s VC-backed
private firms to have IPOs. These two factors made private firms increasingly attractive
to international venture capitalists by the end of 1990s.
Types of VC-Backed Industries
In the early 1990s, international venture capitalists were generally interested in
low-tech industries. However, in the late 1990s, information technology (IT)–related
firms accounted for about 90% of the VC-backed firms in the late 1990s. The percentage
of investments in high-tech industries in China in the late 1990s has been remarkably
high compared with VC investments in other countries. It is also inconsistent with the
profile of fast-growing private firms in China. The rise of the NASDAQ and the Chinese
government’s policies to promote high-tech industries in China are likely the main reason
behind the dramatic shift from focusing on low-tech to focusing on high-tech.
Stages of VC-Backed Firms