CONTENTS
NOTATION............................................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ viii
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Scope of the Study and Objectives ............................................................................ 7
1.2 Methodology and Approach ...................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Overview and Discussion .............................................................................. 9
1.2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology — Technology Discussion ....................... 9
1.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management............................................................... 11
1.4 Air Cooling versus Liquid Cooling............................................................................ 12
1.5 Active versus Passive Systems .................................................................................. 13
1.6 Cooling-Only Systems versus Cooling and Heating Systems ................................... 13
1.7 Series versus Parallel Air Distribution....................................................................... 13
1.8 Thermal Management for Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid, NiMH, and
Lithium-Ion Batteries................................................................................................. 14
1.9 Heat Generation and Heat Capacity........................................................................... 15
1.10 Lithium-Based Batteries: Advantages and Challenges.............................................. 15
2 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES: STATE OF THE ART ...................................................... 17
2.1 Performance and Life................................................................................................. 17
2.2 Cost ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Safety........................................................................................ 21
2.4 Lithium-Ion Battery Industry in China ...................................................................... 22
2.5 International Standards for the Battery Industry........................................................ 22
2.6 International Market Competition.............................................................................. 23
2.7 Growth of Lithium-Ion Battery Technology in China............................................... 24
2.8 Key Raw Material ...................................................................................................... 24
3 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA................................................. 26
3.1 Process to Identify Companies in China Developing Lithium-Ion
Battery Technology.................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Technology at Various Institutions in China ............................................................. 30
3.2.1 Tsinghua University....................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 China Electrotechnical Society...................................................................... 31
3.2.3 CITIC Guoan MGL, MGL New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. .................... 32
3.2.4 Beijing Green Power Technology Co., Ltd. .................................................. 35
3.2.5 Tianjin Institute of Power Sources................................................................. 37
TABLES
1 Cathode Electrode Materials............................................................................................... 10
2 Heat Generation from Typical HEV/EV Modules Using NREL’s Calorimeter................. 14
3 Status of Lithium-Ion High-Energy/Medium-Power Cell and Battery Technologies ........ 17
4 Status of Lithium-Ion High-Power/Medium-Energy Cell and Battery Technologies ........ 18
5 Developers of Lithium-Ion Technology Cells for HEV Applications................................ 19
6 Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Cell/Module from Various Manufacturers ........................ 26
7 Tianjin Lantian Double-Cycle Tech. Co., Ltd., Cells for E-Bike Applications ................. 42
8 Tianjin Lantian Double-Cycle Tech. Co., Ltd., Cells for Power Tools and HEVs ............ 42
9 Details on Other Lithium-Ion Cells for E-Bikes................................................................. 43
10 Tianjin Lantian Double-Cycle Tech. Co., Ltd., Cells for Electric Motorcycles and
Other Electric Vehicles ....................................................................................................... 43
11 Summary of Tests Involving Charging Electric Cores with Constant
Current and Setting Upper Limit for Fixed Voltage........................................................... 45
12 Summary of Tests Involving Nail Penetration.................................................................... 46
13 Summary of Tests Involving Thermal Impact .................................................................... 47
14 Properties and Data from GRINM Lithium-Ion Batteries .................................................. 52
15 Guobiao Standards of the Battery Industry......................................................................... 61
3.2.6. Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd. ................................................. 40
3.2.7 Tianjin Lantian Double-Cycle Tech. Co., Ltd. .............................................. 41
3.2.8 Suzhou Phylion Battery Co., Ltd. .................................................................. 44
3.2.9 Tongji University, School of Automobile Engineering................................. 48
3.2.10 General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals,
Institute of Energy Materials and Technology Lab of Li-ion Battery ........... 51
3.2.11 Beijing Institute of Technology, BTI EV Center of
Engineering and Technology ......................................................................... 53
3.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing in China............................................................ 54
3.4 Joint Ventures and Partnerships................................................................................. 56
3.5 Government Policies.................................................................................................. 59
3.5.1 Renewable Energy Law................................................................................. 60
3.5.2 Government Plan ........................................................................................... 60
3.5.3 Relevant Standards......................................................................................... 61
3.5.4 Regulatory Steps to Promote Cleaner Transport ........................................... 62
3.5.5 Example of Income Taxes and Incentives ..................................................... 63
3.6 Government Policies and HEV Standards ................................................................. 63
4 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................... 65
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX A: ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED IN INTERVIEWS............................. 74
APPENDIX B: LITHIUM-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY PRESENTATION................. 78
APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS .......................... 84
APPENDIX D: CHINESE LITHIUM-ION BATTERY DEVELOPMENT
COMPANIES, CONTACTS, UNIVERSITIES, AND OTHER
ORGANIZATIONS........................................................................................ 86
FIGURE
1 Process Used to Identify Companies in China Involved with Lithium-Ion Batteries......... 29